Over the modern satellite era, substantial climatic changes have been observed in the
Antarctic, including atmospheric and oceanic warming, ice sheet thinning and a general …

Following years of record highs, an unexpected and precipitous reduction in Antarctic sea-
ice extent started in 2016. This decline, lasting three years, was the most pronounced of the …

Abstract In February 2023, Antarctic sea ice set a record minimum; there have now been
three record-breaking low sea ice summers in seven years. Following the summer minimum …

This chapter assesses the state of physical, biological and social knowledge concerning the
Arctic and Antarctic ocean and cryosphere, how they are affected by climate change, and …

The AR5 concluded that human influence on the climate system is clear, evident from
increasing greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere, positive radiative forcing …

Since the beginning of the satellite era, Southern Ocean sea surface temperatures (SSTs)
have cooled, despite global warming. While observed Southern Ocean cooling has …

Abstract Initialized Earth System predictions are made by starting a numerical prediction
model in a state as consistent as possible to observations and running it forward in time for …

Abstract On 25 February 2022 Antarctic sea ice extent dropped to a satellite‐era record low
level of 1.92× 106 km2, 0.92× 106 km2 below the long‐term mean. The area of sea ice was …

Following over 3 decades of gradual but uneven increases in sea ice coverage, the yearly
average Antarctic sea ice extents reached a record high of 12.8× 106 km2 in 2014, followed …

Abstract Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW) is pivotal for oceanic heat and carbon
sequestrations on multidecadal to millennial timescales. The Weddell Sea contributes nearly …