Immunotherapies that target PD-1/PD-L1 axis have shown unprecedented success in a wide
variety of human cancers. PD-1 is one of the key coinhibitory receptors expressed on T cells …

Immune checkpoints are small molecules expressed by immune cells that play critical roles
in maintaining immune homeostasis. Targeting the immune checkpoints cytotoxic T …

Cancer immunotherapy is coming of age; it has prompted a paradigm shift in oncology, in
which therapeutic agents are used to target immune cells rather than cancer cells. The first …

Advances in cancer therapy in the past few years include the development of medications
that modulate immune checkpoint proteins. Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA4) and …

The immune system maintains a critically organized network to defend against foreign
particles, while evading self-reactivity simultaneously. T lymphocytes function as effectors …

Immune responses need to be controlled for optimal protective immunity and tolerance.
Coinhibitory pathways in the B7-CD28 family provide critical inhibitory signals that regulate …

The pathophysiology of adverse events following programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1)
blockade, including tuberculosis (TB) and autoimmunity, remains poorly characterized. We …

PD-1, a negative coreceptor expressed on antigen-stimulated T cells and B cells, seems to
serve as a'rheostat'of the immune response. The molecular mechanisms of the functions of …

Co-inhibitory receptors are important regulators of T-cell function that define the balance
between tolerance and autoimmunity. The immune regulatory function of co-inhibitory …

Immune checkpoint inhibitors, including those targeting the programmed cell death
1/programmed cell death ligand 1 and cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4 pathways, are …