Soil moisture is a key variable of the climate system. It constrains plant transpiration and
photosynthesis in several regions of the world, with consequent impacts on the water …

Regional climate modeling using convection‐permitting models (CPMs; horizontal grid
spacing< 4 km) emerges as a promising framework to provide more reliable climate …

Climate models have continued to be developed and improved since the AR4, and many
models have been extended into Earth System models by including the representation of …

In the future, the land system will be facing new intersecting challenges. While food demand,
especially for resource-intensive livestock based commodities, is expected to increase, the …

A holistic perspective on changing rainfall-driven flood risk is provided for the late 20th and
early 21st centuries. Economic losses from floods have greatly increased, principally driven …

This chapter assesses the scientific literature describing expectations for near-term climate
(present through mid-century). Unless otherwise stated," near-term" change and the …

This chapter assesses the causes of observed changes assessed in Chapters 2 to 5 and
uses understanding of physical processes, climate models and statistical approaches. The …

Tower, ground-based and satellite observations indicate that tropical deforestation results in
warmer, drier conditions at the local scale. Understanding the regional or global impacts of …

Changes in forest cover affect the local climate by modulating the land-atmosphere fluxes of
energy and water. The magnitude of this biophysical effect is still debated in the scientific …

The net flux of carbon from land use and land-cover change (LULCC) accounted for 12.5%
of anthropogenic carbon emissions from 1990 to 2010. This net flux is the most uncertain …