Once the first SARS-CoV-2 vaccine became available, mass vaccination was the main pillar
of the public health response to the COVID-19 pandemic. It was very effective in reducing …

This chapter discusses the high mutation frequencies and rapid evolution potential of RNA
viruses. The concepts discussed are applicable to all “ordinary” RNA viruses (riboviruses) …

At a time of unprecedented expansion in the life sciences, evolution is the one theory that
transcends all of biology. Any observation of a living system must ultimately be interpreted in …

The level of genetic variation of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), a member of
the lentivirus genus of the Retroviridae family, is high relative to that of retroviruses in some …

Analysis of canine parvovirus (CPV) isolates with a panel of monoclonal antibodies showed
that after 1986, most viruses isolated from dogs in many parts of the United States differed …

RNA viruses provide unique insights into the patterns and processes of evolutionary change
in real time. The study of viral evolution is especially topical given the growing awareness …

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) transmission from infected patients to health-
care workers has been well documented, but transmission from an infected healthcare …

The genetic diversity of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a major concern thought to
impact on immunologic escape and eventual vaccine efficacy. Here, simple and rapid …

Multiple human immunodeficiency virus type-1 sequences from the V3 and V4-V5 regions of
the envelope gene were analyzed from three mother-infant pairs. The infants' viral …

Longitudinal studies of patients infected with HIV-1 reveal a long and variable incubation
period between infection and the development of AIDS. Data from a small number of …