The hypocretins (H crts), also known as orexins, are two peptides derived from a single
precursor produced in the posterior lateral hypothalamus. Over the past decade, the orexin …

Despite significant progress in elucidating the molecular basis for circadian oscillations, the
neural mechanisms by which the circadian clock organizes daily rhythms of behavioral state …

Micropipette recording with juxtacellular Neurobiotin ejection, linked micropipette-microwire
recording, and antidromic and orthodromic activation from the ventral tegmental area and …

The hypocretins (Hcrts, also known as orexins) are two peptides, both synthesized by a
small group of neurons, most of which are in the lateral hypothalamic and perifornical …

In the middle of the last century, Michel Jouvet discovered paradoxical sleep (PS), a sleep
phase paradoxically characterized by cortical activation and rapid eye movements and a …

Hypocretin/orexin has a well‐established role in wakefulness and in the maintenance of
arousal. Because stress is associated with arousal, it has been proposed that hypocretin is …

Multiple lines of evidence indicate that hypocretin/orexin (HCRT) participates in the
regulation of arousal and arousal-related process. For example, HCRT axons and receptors …

The daily sleep–wake cycle is perhaps the most dramatic overt manifestation of the
circadian timing system, and this is especially true for the monophasic sleep–wake cycle of …

During wakefulness, most somatic muscles exhibit a background level of activity, referred to
as “muscle tone,” that is due to the asynchronous sustained firing of motoneurons. The …

Since their discovery in 1998, the hypocretins (orexins)—peptides that are produced by a
group of neurons situated in the posterolateral hypothalamus—have been shown to excite …