In educational large-scale assessment studies such as PISA, item response theory (IRT)
models are used to summarize students' performance on cognitive test items across …

Item response theory (IRT) analyses are often used to evaluate measurement error in
educational and psychological test instruments. In such contexts, the latent …

In item response theory (IRT) modeling, the magnitude of the lower and upper asymptote
parameters determines the degree to which the inflection point shifts above or below P …

The usefulness of mean aggregates in the analysis of intervention effectiveness is a matter
of considerable debate in the psychological, educational, and social sciences. In addition to …

Background Large scale international assessments depend on invariance of measurement
across countries. An important consideration when observing cross-national differential item …

Guessing effects frequently occur in testing data in educational or psychological
applications. Different item response models have been proposed to handle guessing …

The two-parameter logistic (2PL) item response theory (IRT) model is frequently applied to
analyze group differences for multivariate binary random variables. The item parameters in …

Item response theory (IRT) models are factor models for dichotomous or polytomous
variables (ie, item responses). The symmetric logistic or probit link functions are most …

Diagnostic classification models (DCMs) are statistical models with discrete latent variables
(so-called skills) to analyze multiple binary variables (ie, items). The one-parameter logistic …

Stevens's classification of scales into nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio types is among the
most controversial yet resilient ideas in psychological and educational measurement. In this …