Biologics are unaffordable to a large majority of the global population because of
prohibitively expensive fermentation systems, purification and the requirement for cold chain …

Insulin resistance as a hallmark of type 2 DM (T2DM) plays a role in dementia by promoting
pathological lesions or enhancing the vulnerability of the brain. Numerous studies related to …

Background Insulin regulates many aspects of brain function related to mild cognitive
impairment (MCI) or dementia, which can be delivered to the brain center via intranasal (IN) …

A decrease in the activity of the insulin signaling system of the brain, due to both central
insulin resistance and insulin deficiency, leads to neurodegeneration and impaired …

Efficient drug delivery remains a critical challenge for treating neurodegenerative diseases,
such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). Using innovative nanomaterials, delivering current …

Abstract Background Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is an independent risk factor for Alzheimer's
disease (AD). Exendin-4 (Ex-4), a widely used glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist …

Abstract Purpose of Review Reducing the risk of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders
(HAND) is an elusive treatment goal for people living with HIV. Combination antiretroviral …

Olfactory dysfunction affects approximately 20% of the population globally, with incidence
increasing over the age of 60. The pathophysiology is complex, not yet fully understood, and …

Functional impairments in the brain's insulin and insulin-like growth factor (IGF) signal
transduction networks are recognized mediators of dysregulated energy metabolism, a …

Objective Postoperative delirium is common after general anesthesia in older patients.
However, there are currently no effective preventive measures. This study investigated the …