The multifunctional regulator nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor (Nrf2) is considered not
only as a cytoprotective factor regulating the expression of genes coding for anti-oxidant …

Inherited mutations in the rod visual pigment, rhodopsin, cause the degenerative blinding
condition, retinitis pigmentosa (RP). Over 150 different mutations in rhodopsin have been …

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and glaucoma are degenerative conditions of the
retina and a significant cause of irreversible blindness in developed countries. Alzheimer's …

Iron is an essential component in many biological processes in the human body. It is critical
for the visual phototransduction cascade in the retina. However, excess iron can be toxic …

The production and application of nanomaterials have grown tremendously during last few
decades. The widespread exposure of nanoparticles to the public is provoking great …

The dysfunction and cell death of retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells are hallmarks of late-
stage dry (atrophic) age-related macular degeneration (AMD), for which no effective therapy …

Biomarkers can help unravel mechanisms of disease and identify new targets for therapy.
They can also be useful in clinical practice for monitoring disease progression, evaluation of …

Acute-phase protein (APPs) serum levels have been studied in many human diseases, and
their components contribute to host defense during the evolution of infectious diseases by …

Aims/hypothesis Diabetic retinopathy is a common complication of diabetes and a leading
cause of visual impairment and blindness. Despite recent advances, our understanding of its …

Ischemia–reperfusion (IR) injury is implicated in a large array of pathological conditions in
the retina. Increasing experimental evidence suggests that programmed necrosis makes a …