We present the novel grammar language CGA++ for the procedural modeling of
architecture. While existing grammar-based approaches can produce stunning results, they …

In this article, we survey the state-of-the-art in procedural generation of buildings (PGB). We
analyzed the design choices, capabilities, and limitations of 71 PGB approaches. We …

Parametric shapes model objects as programs producing a geometry based on a few
semantic degrees of freedom, called hyper-parameters. These shapes are the typical output …

Direct manipulation interfaces provide intuitive and interactive features to a broad range of
users, but they often exhibit two limitations: the built-in features cannot possibly cover all use …

The rule-based modeling can efficiently generate 3D city models and has a great potential in
supporting urban planning and city design. Nowadays there is still lack of researches about …

Virtual models' production is of high pertinence in research and business fields such as
architecture, archeology, or video games, whose requirements might range between …

Procedural modeling is used across many industries for rapid 3D content creation. However,
professional procedural tools often lack artistic control, requiring manual edits on baked …

Massive procedural content creation, for example, for virtual urban environments, is a
difficult, yet important challenge. While shape grammars are a popular example of …

Procedural modeling techniques have emerged as a fundamental tool for automatic design
and reconstruction of buildings and urban landscapes. In recent years, we have witnessed …

The manual modeling of ancient Chinese architecture is long and tedious work for artists
due to the strict and complex construction rules. Existing procedural modeling methods can …