Aims This report from the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) Atlas Project updates and
expands upon the widely cited 2019 report in presenting cardiovascular disease (CVD) …

As new scientific evidence on health effects of air pollution is generated, air quality
guidelines need to be periodically updated. The objective of this review is to support the …

Large epidemiological and health impact assessment studies at the global scale, such as
the Global Burden of Disease project, indicate that chronic non-communicable diseases …

BACKGROUND The growing scientific evidence for effects of air pollution on health at
concentrations below current air quality standards and the large burden of disease attributed …

Background Ambient air pollution is a modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular disease, yet
uncertainty remains about the size of risks at lower levels of fine particulate matter (PM2. 5) …

Background Globalisation has led to international trade expand rapidly. Seaborne transport
moves 80% of traded goods across the globe, producing around 3% of greenhouse gases …

Executive summary Pollution is the largest environmental cause of disease and premature
death in the world today. Diseases caused by pollution were responsible for an estimated 9 …

Much of the key epidemiological evidence that long-term exposure to fine particulate matter
air pollution (PM 2.5) contributes to increased risk of mortality comes from survival studies of …

Background Fine particulate matter< 2.5 µm in diameter (PM2. 5) has known effects on
cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. However, no study has quantified and compared the …

Despite recent advances in treatment and prevention, stroke remains a leading cause of
morbidity and mortality. There is a critical need to identify novel modifiable risk factors for …