Mixed forests play a key role in terms of stability, production potential and adaptation to
climate change. Norway spruce [PA, Picea abies (L.) Karst] and European beech (FS, Fagus …

Tree height is an important trait in forest science and is highly associated with the site quality
from which the trees are measured. However, other factors, such as competition and species …

Mixed-species forests in Fennoscandia are of increasing interest because they may improve
resilience, biodiversity, and productivity. Currently there is scarce knowledge available of the …

In temperate forests, precipitation-productivity relationships have usually been considered
linear and symmetric, ie under conditions of nominal precipitation variability, trees are able …

In Europe, warming, droughts and the rise of extreme climate events have an increasing
significant negative effect on forest stands. Therefore, it is necessary to create appropriate …

Tree damage by game browsing is one of the biggest threats to forest ecosystems at the time
of climate change and large-scale forest disturbances. The aim of the paper was to …

Mixed mountain forests with an uneven-aged structure are characterized by a high tree-
growth variability making traditional age-dependent growth models inapplicable. Estimating …

Tree height is a basic input variable in various forest models, such as growth and yield
models, biomass models, and carbon budget models, which serve as very important tools for …

Forest site (FS) and meteorological conditions are recognized as the main factors affecting
tree growth and whole-stand sustainability. This study aims to detect the combined effects of …

Form factor (FF) is widely used for the correct estimation of tree volume. Few FF models
have been developed and applied to the volume estimation, however, they have failed to …