Chlorophyll a fluorescence (ChF) signal analysis has become a widely used and rapid, non-
invasive technique to study the photosynthetic process under stress conditions. It monitors …

Photosynthesis is a pivotal process in plant physiology, and its regulation plays an important
role in plant defense against biotic stress. Interactions with pathogens and pests often cause …

Growth–defense tradeoffs are thought to occur in plants due to resource restrictions, which
demand prioritization towards either growth or defense, depending on external and internal …

Stomata play a central role in plant responses to abiotic and biotic stresses. Existing
knowledge regarding the roles of stomata in plant stress is centered on abiotic stresses and …

To determine if damage to foliage by biotic agents, including arthropods, fungi, bacteria and
viral pathogens, universally downregulates the expression of genes involved in …

Since the publication of the third edition of the Handbook of Plant and Crop Stress,
continuous discoveries in the fields of plant and crop environmental stresses and their …

Under herbivore attack plants mount a defence response characterized by the accumulation
of secondary metabolites and inhibitory proteins. Significant changes are observed in the …

Background Plants are hotbeds for parasites such as arthropod herbivores, which acquire
nutrients and energy from their hosts in order to grow and reproduce. Hence plants are …

Biotic stress constrains plant productivity in natural and agricultural ecosystems. Repression
of photosynthetic genes is a conserved plant response to biotic attack, but how this …

Precision agriculture is starting to play a key role in the new generation of modern
agricultural revolution. Farmers are increasingly aware of the importance of maintaining …