Stress encompasses profound psychological and physiological changes that are observable
on all levels, from cellular mechanisms, humoral changes, and brain activation to subjective …

Transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation (tVNS) is a non‐invasive neurostimulation
technique that is currently being tested as a potential treatment for a myriad of neurological …

Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS) is a neurostimulatory technique
hypothesised to enhance central noradrenaline. Currently, there is scarce evidence in …

Recent work on the extinction of fear-motivated learning places emphasis on its putative
circuitry and on its modulation. Extinction is the learned inhibition of retrieval of previously …

Brain stimulation approaches are important to gain causal mechanistic insights into the
relevance of functional brain regions and/or neurophysiological systems for human cognitive …

BACKGROUND: Fearful experiences can produce long-lasting and debilitating memories.
Extinction of conditioned fear requires consolidation of new memories that compete with …

A critical component of the treatment for anxiety disorders is the extinction of fear via
repeated exposure to the feared stimulus. This process is strongly dependent on successful …

Highlights•An update on mechanisms supporting the 'body-loop'of the somatic marker
hypothesis.•Anterior insula, anterior cingulate, and vmPFC are visceromotor control …

In this review, nonassociative learning is advanced as an organizing principle to draw
together findings from both sympathetic-adrenal medullary and hypothalamic–pituitary …

Transcutaneous stimulation of the auricular branch of the vagus nerve (tVNS) has been
proposed as a treatment for a spectrum of physical and psychological disorders. One of the …