Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is characterized by inflammation and destruction of bone and
cartilage in affected joints. Autoimmune responses lead to increased osteoclastic bone …

Bone remodeling replaces old and damaged bone with new bone through a sequence of
cellular events occurring on the same surface without any change in bone shape. It was …

Osteoclasts are multinucleated cells with the unique ability to resorb bone matrix. Excessive
production or activation of osteoclasts leads to skeletal pathologies that affect a significant …

Osteoarthritis comprises several joint disorders characterized by articular cartilage
degeneration and persistent pain, causing disability and economic burden. The incidence of …

Osteocytes, former osteoblasts encapsulated by mineralized bone matrix, are far from being
passive and metabolically inactive bone cells. Instead, osteocytes are multifunctional and …

In 1892, JL Wolff proposed that bone could respond to mechanical and biophysical stimuli
as a dynamic organ. This theory presents a unique opportunity for investigations on bone …

In terrestrial vertebrates, bone tissue constitutes the 'osteoimmune'system, which functions
as a locomotor organ and a mineral reservoir as well as a primary lymphoid organ where …

Osteocytes are an ancient cell, appearing in fossilized skeletal remains of early fish and
dinosaurs. Despite its relative high abundance, even in the context of nonskeletal cells, the …

Bone remodeling is tightly regulated by a cross-talk between bone-forming osteoblasts and
bone-resorbing osteoclasts. Osteoblasts and osteoclasts communicate with each other to …

Estrogens (estradiol, estriol, and estrone) are important hormones that directly and indirectly
regulate the metabolism and function of bone and skeletal muscle via estrogen receptors …