Despite considerable progress in genome-and proteome-based high-throughput screening
methods and in rational drug design, the increase in approved drugs in the past decade did …

Robustness is characterized by the invariant expression of a phenotype in the face of a
genetic and/or environmental perturbation. Although phenotypic variance is a central …

The central insight of Darwin's Origin of Species is that evolution is an ecological
phenomenon, arising from the activities of organisms in the'struggle for life'. By contrast, the …

Engineers routinely design systems to be modular and symmetric in order to increase
robustness to perturbations and to facilitate alterations at a later date. Biological structures …

Unicellular marine algae have promise for providing sustainable and scalable biofuel
feedstocks, although no single species has emerged as a preferred organism. Moreover …

In recent years, biologists have increasingly been asking whether the ability to evolve—the
evolvability—of biological systems, itself evolves, and whether this phenomenon is the result …

The history of life involves countless evolutionary innovations, a steady stream of ingenuity
that has been flowing for more than 3 billion years. Very little is known about the principles of …

Although numerous investigators assume that the global features of genetic networks are
moulded by natural selection, there has been no formal demonstration of the adaptive origin …

Epigenetics and epigenomic medicine encompass a new science of brain and behavior that
are already providing unique insights into the mechanisms underlying brain development …

Gene regulatory networks are perhaps the most important organizational level in the cell
where signals from the cell state and the outside environment are integrated in terms of …