Viral infectious diseases threaten human health and global stability. Several vaccine
platforms, such as DNA, mRNA, recombinant viral vectors, and virus-like particle-based …

Virus-like particles (VLPs) are empty, nanoscale structures morphologically resembling
viruses. Internal cavity, noninfectious, and particulate nature with a high density of repeating …

The development of COVID-19 vaccines was promptly regulated to ensure the best possible
approach. By January 2022, 75 candidates reached preclinical evaluation in various animal …

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a leading cause of liver disease worldwide. The development of
prophylactic vaccine is essential for HCV global eradication. Despite over three decades of …

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) & hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a substantial reason for
morbidity and mortality around the world. Chronic hepatitis B (CHB) infection is connected …

Abstract Development of B-cell-based hepatitis C virus (HCV) vaccines that induce broadly
neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) is hindered by extensive sequence diversity and low …

Virus-like particles (VLPs) comprise viral structural proteins that self-assemble to form a
particle similar to the native virus capsid. Since their discovery, they have been employed …

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection remains a serious public health burden around the world.
So far there is no effective vaccine against this virus. Neutralizing antibody (NAb) responses …

Elimination of tumors by regulating the immune system is the primary research focus in the
rapidly develo** field of immune‐oncology. Current immunotherapeutic strategies mainly …

Background Globally, hepatitis B and C infect 400 million people, more than 10 times the
number of people living with HIV. In 2019, it was estimated that 1.1 million people died as a …