Conventional sex roles imply caring females and competitive males. The evolution of sex
role divergence is widely attributed to anisogamy initiating a self‐reinforcing process. The …

Sperm are produced in astronomical numbers compared with eggs, and there is good
evidence that sperm competition is the force behind the evolution of many tiny sperm …

Literature Cited to accompany Animal Communication, 2e Page 1 Principles of Animal
Communication, Second Edition Jack W. Bradbury and Sandra L. Vehrencamp Chapter 14 …

Models of Adaptive Behaviour sets out a framework for adaptive explanations of behaviour,
and applies this to give analyses of a range of biological issues such as energetic gain …

Mate choice by males has been recognized at least since Darwin's time, but its phylogenetic
distribution and effect on the evolution of female phenotypes remain poorly known …

Research on sexual selection shows that the evolution of secondary sexual characters in
males and the distribution of sex differences are more complex than was initially suggested …

Sexual conflict is a conflict between the evolutionary interests of individuals of the two sexes.
The sexes can have different trait optima but this need not imply conflict if their optima can …

The distinct reproductive roles of males and females, which for many years were
characterised in terms of competitive males and choosy females, have remained a central …

In sexually reproducing animals, individuals of one sex may have to compete for access to
mating partners of the opposite sex. The operational sex ratio (OSR) is central in predicting …

Two very basic ideas in sexual selection are heavily influenced by numbers of potential
mates: the evolution of anisogamy, leading to sex role differentiation, and the frequency …