Breathing is a vital rhythmic motor behavior with a surprisingly broad influence on the brain
and body. The apparent simplicity of breathing belies a complex neural control system, the …

In ligand bias different agonist drugs are thought to produce distinct signaling outputs when
activating the same receptor. If these signaling outputs mediate therapeutic versus adverse …

Morphine and fentanyl are among the most used opioid drugs that confer analgesia and
unwanted side effects through both G protein and arrestin signaling pathways of μ-opioid …

Biased agonism at G protein–coupled receptors describes the phenomenon whereby some
drugs can activate some downstream signaling activities to the relative exclusion of others …

Morphine is an alkaloid from the opium poppy used to treat pain. The potentially lethal side
effects of morphine and related opioids—which include fatal respiratory depression—are …

Background and Purpose GPCRs can signal through both G proteins and β‐arrestin2. For
the μ‐opioid receptor, early experimental evidence from a single study suggested that G …

G protein-biased agonists of the μ-opioid receptor (MOPr) have been proposed as an
improved class of opioid analgesics. Recent studies have been unable to reproduce the …

Opioids are the most effective drugs for the treatment of severe pain, but they also cause
addiction and overdose deaths, which have led to a worldwide opioid crisis. Therefore, the …

Background and Purpose PZM21 is a novel μ‐opioid receptor ligand that has been reported
to induce minimal arrestin recruitment and be devoid of the respiratory depressant effects …

G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), also known as seven transmembrane receptors, are
the largest family of cell surface receptors in eukaryotes. There are∼ 800 GPCRs in human …