Vaccine development, which began with Edward Jenner's observations in the late 18th
century, has entered its 4th century. From its beginnings, with the use of whole organisms …

The Rhabdoviridae, whose members collectively infect invertebrates, animals, and plants,
form a large family that has important consequences for human health, agriculture, and …

Peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) causes an acute febrile illness in small ruminant
species, mostly sheep and goats. PPRV is a member of the Morbillivirus genus which …

The RNA-dependent RNA polymerase of influenza A virus is responsible for both
transcription and replication of negative-sense viral RNA. It is thought that a “switching” …

ABSTRACT H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) has continued to spread
and poses a significant threat to both animal and human health. Current influenza vaccine …

Mx proteins belong to the dynamin superfamily of high molecular weight GTPases and
interfere with multiplication of a wide variety of viruses. Earlier studies show that nuclear …

Bluetongue virus (BTV), an insect-vectored emerging pathogen of both wild ruminants and
livestock, has had a severe economic impact in agriculture in many parts of the world. The …

The prototypic arenavirus lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus has been a primary workhorse
of viral immunologists for almost a century, and it has served as an important model for …

Reverse-genetics systems are powerful tools enabling researchers to study the replication
cycle of RNA viruses, including filoviruses and other hemorrhagic fever viruses, as well as to …

Drugs and chemotherapeutics have helped to manage devastating impacts of infectious
diseases since the concept of 'magic bullet'. The World Health Organization estimates about …