Macrophages play an important role in tissue homeostasis, tissue remodeling, immune
response, and progression of cancer. Consequently, macrophages exhibit significant …

Abstract Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), a member of the Toll-like receptor (TLR) family, is
involved in innate immunity and mediates inflammatory responses by recognizing …

Mutations of the ADAR1 gene encoding an RNA deaminase cause severe diseases
associated with chronic activation of type I interferon (IFN) responses, including Aicardi …

The ubiquitin system is complex, multifaceted, and is crucial for the modulation of a vast
number of cellular processes. Ubiquitination is tightly regulated at different levels by a range …

HMGB1, a nucleoprotein, is expressed in almost all eukaryotic cells. During cell activation
and cell death, HMGB1 can function as an alarm protein (alarmin) or damage-associated …

Lung cancer is the deadliest malignancy worldwide. An inflammatory microenvironment is a
key factor contributing to lung tumor progression. Tumor-Associated Macrophages (TAMs) …

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia, affecting more than 50
million people worldwide with an estimated increase to 139 million people by 2050. The …

The comprehensive anabolic effects of insulin throughout the body, in addition to the control
of glycemia, include ensuring lipid homeostasis and anti-inflammatory modulation …

The immune response plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of diseases. Toll-like receptor
4 (TLR4), as an intrinsic immune receptor, exhibits widespread in vivo expression and its …

TLR8 is among the highest-expressed pattern-recognition receptors in the human myeloid
compartment, yet its mode of action is poorly understood. TLR8 engages two distinct ligand …