The gametophyte represents the sexual phase in the alternation of generations in plants; the
other, nonsexual phase is the sporophyte. Here, we review the evolutionary origins of the …

In plants, male reproductive development is extremely sensitive to adverse climatic
environments and (a) biotic stress. Upon exposure to stress, male gametophytic organs …

Biological systems display a rich phenomenology of states that resemble the physical states
of matter-solid, liquid and gas. These phases result from the interactions between the …

Pollen development is a critical step in plant development that is needed for successful
breeding and seed formation. Manipulation of male fertility has proved a useful trait for …

Abstract Intracellular Na+/H+ (NHX) antiporters have important roles in cellular pH and Na+,
K+ homeostasis. The six Arabidopsis thaliana intracellular NHX members are divided into …

Rice is becoming a model plant in monocotyledons and a model cereal crop. For better
understanding of the rice plant, it is essential to elucidate the developmental programs of the …

Pollen acts as a biological protector of male sperm and is covered by an outer cell wall
polymer called the exine, which consists of durable sporopollenin. Despite the astonishingly …

Heat waves induced by climate warming have become common in food-producing regions
worldwide, frequently coinciding with high temperature (HT)-sensitive stages of many crops …

Microsporogenesis and male gametogenesis are essential for the alternating life cycle of
flowering plants between diploid sporophyte and haploid gametophyte generations. Rice …

In flowering plants, male reproductive development requires the formation of the stamen,
including the differentiation of anther tissues. Within the anther, male meiosis produces …