Many studies have been undertaken to reveal how tobacco smoke skews immune
responses contributing to the development of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease …

The mucosal surfaces of the gut and airways have important barrier functions and regulate
the induction of immunological tolerance. The rapidly increasing incidence of chronic …

Maternal smoking during pregnancy is the largest preventable cause of abnormal in-utero
lung development. Despite well known risks, rates of smoking during pregnancy have only …

Introduction: Childhood respiratory illness is a major cause of morbidity and mortality
particularly in low and middle-income countries. Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) …

Background Allergic rhinitis, allergic dermatitis, and food allergy are extremely common
diseases, especially among children, and are frequently associated to each other and to …

Maternal smoking during pregnancy continues to represent a major public health concern.
Nicotine is extremely harmful to the develo** fetus through many different mechanisms …

This review focuses on how environmental factors through epigenetics modify disease risk
and health outcomes. Major epigenetic events, such as histone modifications, DNA …

Background Many human epidemiologic studies demonstrate that maternal asthma confers
greater risk of asthma to offspring than does paternal disease. However, a handful have …

Asthma has become the most common, childhood chronic disease in the industrialized
world, and it is also increasing in develo** regions. There are huge differences in the …

Importance Surgical removal of adenoids and tonsils to treat obstructed breathing or
recurrent middle-ear infections remain common pediatric procedures; however, little is …