BACKGROUND Although thermal expansion of seawater and melting of mountain glaciers
have dominated global mean sea level (GMSL) rise over the last century, mass loss from the …

The topography of Earth is primarily controlled by lateral differences in the density structure
of the crust and lithosphere. In addition to this isostatic topography, flow in the mantle …

Studies warn that global warming and sea level rise will create hundreds of millions of
environmental refugees. While climate change will undoubtedly affect future migration …

The Cambrian diversification of animals was long thought to have begun with an explosive
phase at the start of the Tommotian Age. Recent stratigraphic discoveries, however, suggest …

Future sea-level rise generates hazards for coastal populations, economies, infrastructure,
and ecosystems around the world. The projection of future sea-level rise relies on an …

The longevity of cratons is generally attributed to persistence of neutrally-to-positively
buoyant and mechanically strong lithosphere that shields the cratonic crust from underlying …

This review provides a synopsis of ongoing research and our understanding of the
fundamentals of sea-level change today and in the geologic record, especially as illustrated …

Plate tectonic theory suggests that present-day topography can be explained by the
repeated interactions between the tectonic plates moving along Earth's surface. However …

Abstract The Antarctic Ice Sheet (AIS) is out of equilibrium with the current anthropogenic‐
enhanced climate forcing. Paleoenvironmental records and ice sheet models reveal that the …

The seaboard of Brazil is a highly favorable setting for studying episodes of worldwide sea-
level rise because of its passive nature. Previous studies of the equatorial coast of Brazil …