Pollinators are a key component of global biodiversity, providing vital ecosystem services to
crops and wild plants. There is clear evidence of recent declines in both wild and …

By facilitating plant reproduction, pollinators perform a crucial ecological function that
supports the majority of the world's plant diversity, and associated organisms, and a …

Mutualisms, interactions between two species that benefit both of them, have long captured
the public imagination. Their influence transcends levels of biological organization from cells …

OCBIL theory aims to develop an integrated series of hypotheses explaining the evolution
and ecology of, and best conservation practices for, biota on very old, climatically buffered …

Biodiversity is organised into complex ecological networks of interacting species in local
ecosystems, but our knowledge about the effects of habitat fragmentation on such systems …

1. Moths (L epidoptera) are the major nocturnal pollinators of flowers. However, their
importance and contribution to the provision of pollination ecosystem services may have …

Plant–pollinator interactions are affected by global change, with largely negative impacts on
pollination and plant reproduction. Urban areas provide a unique and productive study …

A unique and personal insight into the ecology and evolution of pollinators, their
relationships with flowers, and their conservation in a rapidly changing world. The …

Plant–animal mutualisms are characterized by weak or asymmetric mutual dependences
between interacting species, a feature that could increase community stability. If invasive …

Summary 1 With the majority of people now living in urban environments, urbanization is
arguably the most intensive and irreversible ecosystem change on the planet. 2 …