The liver is the sixth most common site of primary cancer in humans and the fourth leading
cause of cancer‐related death in the world. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) accounts for …

In contrast to most other malignancies, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), which accounts for
approximately 90% of primary liver cancers, arises almost exclusively in the setting of …

Mitochondria regulate hepatic lipid metabolism and oxidative stress. Ultrastructural
mitochondrial lesions, altered mitochondrial dynamics, decreased activity of respiratory …

Signalling by Toll-like receptors (TLRs) involves five adaptor proteins known as MyD88,
MAL, TRIF, TRAM and SARM. Recent insights have revealed additional functions for MyD88 …

The innate immune system utilizes pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) to detect the
invasion of pathogens and initiate host antimicrobial responses such as the production of …

The innate immune system has a key role in the mammalian immune response. Recent
research has demonstrated that mitochondria participate in a broad range of innate immune …

In response to viral infection, RIG-I-like RNA helicases bind to viral RNA and activate the
mitochondrial protein MAVS, which in turn activates the transcription factors IRF3 and NF-κB …

The interferon (IFN) system is an extremely powerful antiviral response that is capable of
controlling most, if not all, virus infections in the absence of adaptive immunity. However …

The eponymous member of the interferon regulatory factor (IRF) family, IRF1, was originally
identified as a nuclear factor that binds and activates the promoters of type I interferon …

Cells are equipped with mechanisms that allow them to rapidly detect and respond to
viruses. These defense mechanisms rely partly on receptors that monitor the cytosol for the …