Background Fire strongly affects animals' behavior, population dynamics, and environmental
surroundings, which in turn are likely to affect their immune systems and exposure to …

Background Infectious diseases encompass a large spectrum of diseases that threaten
human health, and coinfection is of particular importance because pathogen species can …

Host individuals are often coinfected with diverse parasite assemblages, resulting in
complex interactions among parasites within hosts. Within hosts, priority effects occur when …

In nature, parasite species often coinfect the same host. Yet, it is not clear what drives the
natural dynamics of coinfection prevalence. The prevalence of coinfections might be affected …

There is a large genetic diversity of Plasmodium falciparum strains that infect people
causing diverse malaria symptoms. This study was carried out to explore the effect of mixed …

Indirect genetic effects (IGEs) exist when there is heritable variation in one organism's ability
to alter a second organism's traits. For example, parasites have antigens that can induce a …

Individual hosts and populations frequently harbour multiple parasite species
simultaneously. Despite their commonness, the consequences of interspecific interactions …

Zoonotic diseases, such as brucellosis, Q fever and Rift Valley fever (RVF) caused by
Brucella spp., Coxiella burnetii and RVF virus, respectively, can have devastating effects on …

Host populations often vary in the magnitude of coinfection they experience across
environmental gradients. Furthermore, coinfection often occurs sequentially, with a second …

Parasite epidemics can depend on priority effects, and parasite priority effects can result
from the host immune response to prior infection. Yet we lack experimental evidence that …