This article reviews the empirical evidence on firm heterogeneity in international trade. A first
wave of empirical findings from microdata on plants and firms proposed challenges for …

This chapter reviews the state of the international trade literature on multinational firms. This
literature addresses three main questions. First, why do some firms operate in more than …

We develop a property‐rights model of the firm in which production entails a continuum of
uniquely sequenced stages. In each stage, a final‐good producer contracts with a distinct …

Global Production is the first book to provide a fully comprehensive overview of the
complicated issues facing multinational companies and their global sourcing strategies. Few …

A key decision facing firms is the extent of control to exert over the different stages in their
production processes. We develop and test a property rights model of firm boundary choices …

We use a new firm-level dataset that establishes the location, ownership, and activity of
650,000 multinational subsidiaries. Using a combination of four-digit-level information and …

The rise of offshoring of intermediate inputs raises important questions for commercial
policy. Do the distinguishing features of offshoring introduce novel reasons for trade policy …

To understand globalization, one needs first to understand what shapes international trade
and the organization of production across national boundaries. However, the scholarly …

We generalize the Antras and Helpman (2004) model of the international organization of
production in order to accommodate varying degrees of contractual frictions. In particular, we …

We rely on a model with incomplete contracts and bargaining power to argue that trade
credit (TC) can serve as a commitment device for making relationship-specific investments …