Many research questions in Earth and environmental sciences are inherently causal,
requiring robust analyses to establish whether and how changes in one variable cause …

The concept of a digital twin of Earth envisages the convergence of Big Earth Data with
physics-based models in an interactive computational framework that enables monitoring …

The treatment of uncertainty in climate-change science is dominated by the far-reaching
influence of the 'frequentist'tradition in statistics, which interprets uncertainty in terms of …

Climate-driven changes in precipitation amounts and their seasonal variability are expected
in many continental-scale regions during the remainder of the 21st century. However, much …

Climate tip** elements are large-scale subsystems of the Earth that may transgress critical
thresholds (tip** points) under ongoing global warming, with substantial impacts on the …

Climate variability influences renewable electricity supply and demand and hence system
reliability. Using the hidden states of the sea surface temperature of tropical Pacific Ocean …

Climate variability and weather phenomena can cause extremes and pose significant risk to
society and ecosystems, making continued advances in our physical understanding of such …

To analyze links among key processes that contribute to Arctic‐midlatitude teleconnections
we apply causal discovery based on graphical models known as causal graphs. First, we …

There is a widely accepted gap between the production and use of climate information. It is
also widely accepted that at least part of the reason for this situation lies in the challenge of …

It is now well established that the Arctic is warming at a faster rate than the global average.
This warming, which has been accompanied by a dramatic decline in sea ice, has been …