Context Formalin fixation and paraffin embedding is a timeless, cost-efficient, and widely
adopted method of preserving human tissue biospecimens that has resulted in a substantial …

Tissue microarray (TMA) technology allows rapid visualization of molecular targets in
thousands of tissue specimens at a time, either at the DNA, RNA or protein level. The …

We have summarized the evolution of the Nurses' Health Study (NHS), a prospective cohort
study of 121 700 married registered nurses launched in 1976; NHS II, which began in 1989 …

Uncontrolled proliferation is a hallmark of cancer. In breast cancer, immunohistochemical
assessment of the proportion of cells staining for the nuclear antigen Ki67 has become the …

Breast carcinomas are often infiltrated by inflammatory cells, particularly macrophages and T
lymphocytes, but the significance of these cells remains unclear. One possible role of these …

Background Gene expression profiling of breast cancer has identified two biologically
distinct estrogen receptor (ER)-positive subtypes of breast cancer: luminal A and luminal B …

The ability to parse tumors into subsets based on biomarker expression has many clinical
applications; however, there is no global way to visualize the best cut-points for creating …

The Polycomb Group Protein EZH2 is a transcriptional repressor involved in controlling
cellular memory and has been linked to aggressive prostate cancer. Here we investigate the …

BACKGROUND. Triple‐negative breast cancer (estrogen receptor‐negative, progesterone
receptor‐negative, and HER2‐negative) is a high risk breast cancer that lacks the benefit of …

Abstract Immunohistochemical (IHC) assays performed on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded
(FFPE) tissue sections traditionally have been semi-quantified by pathologist visual scoring …