Physiological and ecological constraints play key roles in the evolution of plant growth
patterns, especially in relation to defenses against herbivores. Phenotypic and life history …

Apomixis in Plants presents a comprehensive review of different aspects of asexual seed
formation in plants. This is important in plant research since apomixis could greatly facilitate …

Endophytes are fungi that form inapparent infections within leaves and stems of healthy
plants. Closely related to virulent pathogens but with limited, if any, pathogenic effects …

As concerns about the change in global climate and the loss of biodiversity have mounted,
attention has focused on the depletion of the ozone layer and the destruction of tropical …

In 1859 Darwin described a deceptively simple mechanism that he called" natural selection,"
a combination of variation, inheritance, and reproductive success. He argued that this …

Oaks are an important part of our natural and cultural heritage. Not only are they ubiquitous
in our most common landscapes but they have also supplied human societies with …

In The Selfish Gene, Richard Dawkins crystallized the gene's eye view of evolution
developed by WD Hamilton and others. The book provoked widespread and heated debate …

Many biologists now recognize that environmental variance can exert important effects on
patterns and processes in nature that are independent of average conditions. Jensen's …

The approximate 30 extant invertebrate phyla have diversified along separate evolutionary
trajectories for hundreds of millions of years. Although recent work understandably has …

Inducible defenses are responses activated through a previous encounter with a consumer
or competitor that confer some degree of resistance to subsequent attacks. While the …