The 1921 discovery of insulin was a Big Bang from which a vast and expanding universe of
research into insulin action and resistance has issued. In the intervening century, some …

Background The insulin-like growth factor family of ligands (IGF-I, IGF-II, and insulin),
receptors (IGF-IR, M6P/IGF-IIR, and insulin receptor [IR]), and IGF-binding proteins (IGFBP-1 …

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common aggressive carcinoma types worldwide,
characterized by unfavorable curative effect and poor prognosis. Epidemiological data re …

In mammals, endogenous circadian clocks sense and respond to daily feeding and lighting
cues, adjusting internal∼ 24 h rhythms to resonate with, and anticipate, external cycles of …

The regulation of linear growth by nutritional and inflammatory influences is examined in
terms of growth-plate endochondral ossification, in order to better understand stunted growth …

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the most common neurodegenerative diseases. Its major
pathological hallmarks, neurofibrillary tangles (NFT), and amyloid-β plaques can result from …

Background Diabetes mellitus increases the susceptibility to infection by altering both the
innate and the adaptive immune systems. Hyperglycemia has been associated with adverse …

Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are common, complex and heterogeneous
neurodevelopmental disorders. Cellular and molecular mechanisms responsible for ASD …

The C. elegans insulin/IGF-1 signaling (IIS) pathway connects nutrient levels to metabolism,
growth, development, longevity, and behavior. This fundamental pathway is regulated by …

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have recently emerged as key regulators of metabolism. For example,
miR-33a and miR-33b have a crucial role in controlling cholesterol and lipid metabolism in …