Inflammation-associated diseases encompass a range of infectious diseases and non-
infectious inflammatory diseases, which continuously pose one of the most serious threats to …

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a common inflammatory form of arthritis leading to the
progressive bone and joint destruction. Many factors are closely involved in the pathology of …

Granulomas are lumps of immune cells that can form in various organs. Most granulomas
appear unstructured, yet they have some resemblance to lymphoid organs. To better …

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a T cell-mediated autoimmune disease of the central nervous
system (CNS). Bone marrow hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) rapidly …

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), mainly including ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's
disease (CD), is an autoimmune gastrointestinal disease characterized by chronic …

Mesenchymal stem cell therapy (MSCT) for immune and inflammatory diseases continues to
be popular based on progressive accumulation of preclinical mechanistic evidence. This …

Neurological disorders (NDs) are one of the leading causes of global death. A sustained
neuroinflammatory response has been reported to be associated with the pathogenesis of …

Abstract Sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P), which acts via G protein-coupled S1P receptors
(S1PRs), is a bioactive lipid essential for vascular integrity and lymphocyte trafficking. The …

TNF, produced largely by T and innate immune cells, is potently proinflammatory, as are
cytokines such as IFN-γ and IL-17 produced by Th1 and Th17 cells, respectively. Here, we …

Th17/Treg imbalance is closely related to the occurrence and development of multiple
sclerosis (MS), and the transdifferentiation of Th17 cells into Treg cells may contribute to the …