Woese and Fox's 1977 paper on the discovery of the Archaea triggered a revolution in the
field of evolutionary biology by showing that life was divided into not only prokaryotes and …

Understanding the evolution of eukaryotic cellular complexity is one of the grand challenges
of modern biology. It has now been firmly established that mitochondria and plastids, the …

Panama disease of banana, caused by the fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense, is a
serious constraint both to the commercial production of banana and cultivation for …

Elongation factor thermal unstable Tu (EF-Tu) is a G protein that catalyzes the binding of
aminoacyl-tRNA to the A-site of the ribosome inside living cells. Structural and biochemical …

We introduce a new index to measure substitution saturation in a set of aligned nucleotide
sequences. The index is based on the notion of entropy in information theory. We derive the …

From comparative analyses of the nucleotide sequences of genes encoding ribosomal
RNAs and several proteins, molecular phylogeneticists have constructed a “universal tree of …

A revised six-kingdom system of life is presented, down to the level of infraphylum. As in my
1983 system Bacteria are treated as a single kingdom, and eukaryotes are divided into only …

The glycan chains of vertebrate glycoconjugates are composed mostly of five-and six-
carbon sugars. One striking exception is the family of sialic acids (Sia), which are R-keto …

Increasingly, studies of genes and genomes are indicating that considerable horizontal
transfer has occurred between prokaryotes. Extensive horizontal transfer has occurred for …

One of the most fundamental questions in evolutionary biology is the origin of the lineage
leading to eukaryotes. Recent phylogenomic analyses have indicated an emergence of …