The structural features of turbulence at the free surface of a channel flow have been
experimentally investigated. The experiments were conducted in a horizontal channel of …

In this study the evolution of initially homogeneous and isotropic turbulence in the presence
of a free surface was investigated. The Navier–Stokes equations were solved via direct …

Results of an experimental study of the interaction of a turbulent jet with a free surface when
the jet issues parallel to the free surface are presented. Three different jets, with different exit …

A circular water jet (Re= 1.6× 105; We= 8.8× 103) plunging at shallow angles (θ≈ 12.5°)
into a quiescent pool is investigated computationally and experimentally. A surprising …

Toroidal bubbles (TBs) represent cases of vortex rings with a gas–liquid interface where a
gas vortex ring is encased within a liquid vortex ring, and can serve as effective media for …

Results from direct numerical simulations of an unsteady turbulent shear layer with a free
surface are presented. The emphasis is on the interaction dynamics of the free surface with …

When a ship moves in temperature stratified water, eg, in the ocean diurnal thermocline, the
propeller (s) as well as the turbulent boundary layer of the hull mix the surface water with …

This paper documents measurements of the mean velocity field and turbulence statistics of
an isothermal, round jet entering a shallow layer of water. The lower boundary of the jet was …

Horizontal warm buoyant jets injecting into a linearly stratified ambience are common in
lakes, estuaries, and oceans. Dynamic features and potential surface temperature …

The characteristics of a horizontal submerged square jet interacting with the free surface are
investigated experimentally. A particle image velocimetry system is used to measure the …