A historical perspective on estradiol's enhancement of cognitive function is presented, and
research, primarily in animals, but also in humans, is reviewed. Data regarding the …

It is well established that estrogens affect neuroplasticity in a number of brain regions. In
particular, estrogens modulate and mediate spine and synapse formation as well as …

Ample evidence has demonstrated that sex steroid hormones, such as the potent estrogen
17β-estradiol (E2), affect hippocampal morphology, plasticity, and memory in male and …

Sex differences in the function of the hippocampus have been observed in numerous
mammalian species. However, the magnitude, extent, and specificity of these differences are …

In 2007, a group of experts critically analyzed hundreds of publications on bisphenol A
(BPA), including the evidence for low dose effects. Here, we have updated these evaluations …

In recent years, a growing body of research has shown sex differences in the prevalence
and symptomatology of psychopathologies, such as depression, anxiety, and fear-related …

To date, scientific research has often focused on one sex, with assumptions that study of the
other sex would yield similar results. However, many diseases affect males and females …

Several lines of evidence have converged to indicate that memory formation involves
plasticity of dendritic spines in the medial prefrontal cortex (PFC) and the hippocampus …

This article is part of a Special Issue “Estradiol and cognition”. Since the publication of the
1998 special issue of Hormones and Behavior on estrogens and cognition, substantial …

Dendritic spine plasticity underlies the formation and maintenance of memories. Both natural
fluctuations and systemic administration of 17β-estradiol (E2) alter spine density in the …