The placenta is the fetal organ providing the interchange between mother and fetus. This
organ needs to provide its function such as transport and secretion even during its …

Abstract Di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is a chemical widely distributed in the
environment as is extensively used in the plastic industry. DEHP is considered an endocrine …

Regulatory T cells (Treg) expand during pregnancy and are present at the fetal-maternal
interface at very early stages in pregnancy. The migration mechanisms of Treg to the …

Embryo implantation in higher primates is mediated by trophoblast: in the earliest phases by
syncytiotrophoblast, then by both cytotrophoblast and syncytiotrophoblast. In the course of …

The success of implantation depends on a receptive endometrium, a normal blastocyst and
synchronized cross-talk at the maternal–fetal interface. The progression of pregnancy then …

Normal pregnancy is characterized by an early expansion of regulatory T cells (Tregs),
which is known to contribute to fetal tolerance. However, mechanisms and factors behind …

Abstract Preeclampsia (PE), Hemolysis Elevated Liver Enzymes and Low Platelets (HELLP)‐
syndrome, and intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) are associated with abnormal …

Recent evidence suggests that human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), in addition to its well-
known endocrine effects on the corpus luteum, may act as a growth and differentiation factor …

In this review, the ultrastructure of the normal human chorionic villus is examined and
illustrated. The outer covering of trophoblast, comprising the generative cytotrophoblast and …

Human trophoblast differentiates by the fusion of cytotrophoblasts to form
syncytiotrophoblast. To determine factors controlling this process, the effects of epidermal …