Cytokines, including interleukins, interferons, tumor necrosis factors, and chemokines, have
a variety of pro‐and anti‐inflammatory effects in the body through a number of biochemical …

Tuberculous (TB) pleural effusion occurs in approximately 5% of patients with
Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. The HIV pandemic has been associated with a …

Cytokines are signaling molecules between cells in immune system. Cytokine storm, due to
the sudden acute increase in levels of pro‐inflammatory circulating cytokines, can result in …

Background Conventional tests are not always helpful in making a diagnosis of tuberculous
pleurisy. Many studies have investigated the usefulness of interferon (IFN)-γ measurements …

Background: Tuberculosis (TB) is the world's leading cause of death from infectious disease.
The World Health Organization (WHO) recognized 6.3 million new TB cases in 2017, 16 …

The diagnosis of pleural tuberculosis (plTB) by the analysis of pleural effusions (PEs) with
standard diagnostic tools is difficult. In routine clinical practice, the present authors …

Tuberculosis is the number one cause of death due to infectious disease in the world today.
Understanding the dynamics of the immune response is crucial to elaborating differences …

This internationally renowned reference work is a fully updated and expanded second
edition of the most comprehensive title available on pleural diseases. Building on the many …

Tuberculosis pleural effusion (TPE) is common in clinical practice, and its diagnosis remains
a challenge for clinicians. Ziehl-Neelsen staining, PE Mycobacterium tuberculosis culture …

Accurate and rapid quantification of cytokines in biofluids is crucial for early disease
diagnosis, management, and prevention. However, it still remains challenging for existing …