The ubiquitin–proteasome system (UPS) plays an important role in the cellular processes for
protein quality control and homeostasis. Dysregulation of the UPS has been implicated in …

Metabolic reprogramming, including enhanced biosynthesis of macromolecules, altered
energy metabolism, and maintenance of redox homeostasis, is considered a hallmark of …

Ubiquitination, a pivotal posttranslational modification of proteins, plays a fundamental role
in regulating protein stability. The dysregulation of ubiquitinating and deubiquitinating …

The DNA damage response (DDR) is critical for maintaining cellular homeostasis and
genome integrity. Mounting evidence has shown that posttranslational protein modifications …

Post-translational modification (PTM) is an essential mechanism for enhancing the
functional diversity of proteins and adjusting their signaling networks. The reversible …

Deubiquitinating enzymes are key regulators in the ubiquitin system and an emerging class
of drug targets. These proteases disassemble polyubiquitin chains and many …

Deubiquitylating enzymes (DUBs) maintain relative homeostasis of the cellular ubiquitome
by removing the post‐translational modification ubiquitin moiety from substrates. Numerous …

Ubiquitination (the covalent attachment of ubiquitin molecules to target proteins) is one of
the main post-translational modifications of proteins. Historically, the type of …

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a heterogeneous malignancy in women. It is
associated with poor prognosis, aggressive malignant behavior, and limited treatment …

The retinoblastoma protein (pRb) functions as a cell cycle regulator controlling G1 to S
phase transition and plays critical roles in tumour suppression. It is frequently inactivated in …