Botulinum toxin is a uniquely potent substance synthesized by the organisms Clostridium
botulinum, Clostridium baratii, and Clostridium butyricum. This toxin, which acts …

Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) cause flaccid paralysis by interfering with vesicle fusion and
neurotransmitter release in the neuronal cells. BoNTs are the most widely used therapeutic …

Botulinum toxin preparations can provide patients with a therapeutic modality that may
improve both their medical condition and quality of life. The mechanism of action of the …

Clostridium botulinum comprises a diverse assemblage of clostridia that have the common
property of producing a distinctive protein neurotoxin (BoNT) of similar pharmacological …

Botulinum neurotoxins, causative agents of botulism in humans, are produced by
Clostridium botulinum, an anaerobic spore-former Gram positive bacillus. Botulinum …

Botulism is a potentially lethal disease caused by one of seven homologous neurotoxic
proteins usually produced by the bacterium, Clostridium botulinum. This neuromuscular …

I report herein two 2.0 ns (1.0 fs time step) MD simulations of two zinc complexes bridged by
a hydroxide in phosphotriesterase (PTE) employing the nonbonded method and the cationic …

Cervical dystonia (CD) is the most common form of dystonia encountered in a movement
disorders clinic. The treatment of this focal dystonia has improved markedly with the advent …

Previous studies in this laboratory had mapped the immune recognition profile of the regions
recognized antibodies (Abs) and by T cells on the protective HC domain (C‐terminal …

The effacement of hyperkinetic facial lines with botulinum toxin A injections (Botox, Botox
Cosmetic, Allergan, Irvine, California) has become an established part of modern facial …