Stress alters adaptive behaviours such as learning and memory. Stressors can either
enhance or diminish learning, memory formation and/or memory recall. We focus attention …

In a series of laboratory Y-maze experiments, we investigated the directional response of
juveniles of the muricid snail Concholepas concholepas, a rocky-shore keystone predator …

The pond snail, Lymnaea stagnalis, naturally inhabits slow flowing, shallow and stagnant
environments in the northern temperate zone. Consequently, it will experience wide …

Stress alters the ability to form, recall and maintain memory according to the Yerkes–
Dodson/Hebb (YDH) law. The effects of environmentally relevant stressors, such as low …

Individual differences in cognitive ability are predicted to covary with other behavioural traits
such as exploration and boldness. Selection within different habitats may act to either …

Both intermediate-term memory (ITM) and long-term memory (LTM) require novel protein
synthesis; however, LTM also requires gene transcription. This suggests that the …

Epicatechin (EpiC) enhances long-term memory (LTM) formation in the pond snail Lymnaea
stagnalis. Here we investigated at the level of a single neuron, RPeD1, which is a necessary …

ABSTRACT A flavonoid,(-)-epicatechi (Epi), enhances long-term memory (LTM) formation in
Lymnaea and reverses memory obstruction caused by stress. Many foods contain …

Dietary consumption of flavonoids (plant phytochemicals) may improve memory and neuro-
cognitive performance, though the mechanism is poorly understood. Previous work has …

Cannabinoids are hypothesized to play an important role in modulating learning and
memory formation. Here, we identified mRNAs expressed in Lymnaea stagnalis central …