The grey wolf (C anis lupus) is an iconic large carnivore that has increasingly been
recognized as an apex predator with intrinsic value and a keystone species. However …

The term 'refugia'was originally used to describe the restricted full-glacial locations of
modern mid-and high-latitude taxa, especially trees and shrubs. We discuss the extension of …

The estimation of phylogenetic divergence times from sequence data is an important
component of many molecular evolutionary studies. There is now a general appreciation …

Some decades ago, biogeographers distinguished three major faunal types of high
importance for Europe:(i) Mediterranean elements with exclusive glacial survival in the …

Many evolutionary studies of birds rely on the estimation of molecular divergence times and
substitution rates. In order to perform such analyses, it is necessary to incorporate some form …

Discussions aimed at resolution of the Tree of Life are most often focused on the
interrelationships of major organismal lineages. In this study, we focus on the resolution of …

Long-term changes in the genetic composition of a population occur by the fixation of new
mutations, a process known as substitution. The rate at which mutations arise in a …

Time-scales estimated from sequence data play an important role in molecular ecology.
They can be used to draw correlations between evolutionary and palaeoclimatic events, to …

The rate of change in DNA is an important parameter for understanding molecular evolution
and hence for inferences drawn from studies of phylogeography and phylogenetics. Most …

The cestode Echinococcus multilocularis is the causative agent of alveolar echinococcosis,
a fatal zoonotic parasitic disease of the northern hemisphere. Red foxes are the main …