The term “zwitterionic polymers” refers to polymers that bear a pair of oppositely charged
groups in their repeating units. When these oppositely charged groups are equally …

Marine biofouling has negatively affected human sailing since ancient times. Traditional
antifouling coatings were banned worldwide in 2003 due to their toxicity towards nontarget …

Membranes have been extensively studied and applied in various fields owing to their high
energy efficiency and small environmental impact. Further conferring membranes with …

The ability to fabricate sensory systems capable of highly selective operation in complex
fluid will undoubtedly underpin key future developments in healthcare. However, the …

Zwitterionic polymers exhibit excellent nonfouling performance due to their strong surface
hydrations. However, salt molecules may severely reduce the surface hydrations of typical …

Zwitterionic hydrogels have attracted tremendous interest due to their densely charged
network, ultralow fouling characteristics, and excellent biocompatibility. However, the …

Materials that resist nonspecific protein adsorption are needed for many applications.
However, few are able to achieve ultralow fouling in complex biological milieu. Zwitterionic …

The attachment and subsequent colonization of bacteria on the surfaces of synthetic
materials and devices lead to serious problems in both human healthcare and industrial …

It is believed that the strong surface hydration of zwitterionic polymers leads to excellent
antifouling properties. This Perspective presents the recent developments in studies on such …

Zwitterionic materials have emerged as highly effective ultralow fouling materials for many
applications, however the underlying mechanism of fouling resistance remains unclear …