During the early part of the 21st century, an unprecedented change in the status of vector-
borne disease in Europe has occurred. Invasive mosquitoes have become widely …

Abstract Introduction/objective West Nile virus (WNV) is one of the most widely distributed
flaviviruses worldwide. It is considered an endemic and emerging pathogen in different …

Air, sea and land transport networks continue to expand in reach, speed of travel and
volume of passengers and goods carried. Pathogens and their vectors can now move …

A wide range of arthropod-borne viruses threaten both human and animal health either
through their presence in Europe or through risk of introduction. Prominent among these is …

Industrialization has always seemed to be the key to wealth and better living but in reality, it
has been shown that, although it leads to better conditions of living in certain respects, it …

The impact of human activities on the principles and processes governing the arrival,
establishment and spread of exotic pathogens is illustrated by vector-borne diseases such …

West Nile virus (WNV) is transmitted by mosquitoes and causes fever and encephalitis in
humans, equines, and occasionally wild birds. The virus was first isolated in sub-Saharan …

Yellow fever has been subjected to partial control for decades, but there are signs that case
numbers are now increasing globally, with the risk of local epidemic outbreaks. Dengue …

Abstract Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) are the most significant arthropods of medical
importance because of the burden of diseases, such as malaria, encephalitis and filariasis …

The international trade in used tires, coupled with the ability to lay non-desiccating eggs, has
enabled Aedes albopictus (Skuse)(Diptera: Culicidae) to travel and establish on new …