The past fifteen years of orbital infrared spectroscopy and in situ exploration have led to a
new understanding of the composition and history of Mars. Globally, Mars has a basaltic …

A principal goal of the Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) rover Curiosity is to identify and
characterize past habitable environments on Mars. Determination of the mineralogical and …

Geological evidence shows that ancient Mars had large volumes of liquid water. Models of
past hydrogen escape to space, calibrated with observations of the current escape rate …

The Curiosity rover discovered fine-grained sedimentary rocks, which are inferred to
represent an ancient lake and preserve evidence of an environment that would have been …

The SuperCam instrument on the Perseverance Mars 2020 rover uses a pulsed 1064 nm
laser to ablate targets at a distance and conduct laser induced breakdown spectroscopy …

The Rocknest aeolian deposit is similar to aeolian features analyzed by the Mars
Exploration Rovers (MERs) Spirit and Opportunity. The fraction of sand< 150 micrometers in …

The Mars Science Laboratory rover Curiosity scooped samples of soil from the Rocknest
aeolian bedform in Gale crater. Analysis of the soil with the Chemistry and Mineralogy …

Decades of speculation about a warmer, wetter Mars climate in the planet's first billion years
postulate a denser CO2-rich atmosphere than at present. Such an atmosphere should have …

The ChemCam instrument, which provides insight into martian soil chemistry at the
submillimeter scale, identified two principal soil types along the Curiosity rover traverse: a …

The chemical composition of rocks and soils on Mars analyzed during the Mars Exploration
Rover Spirit Mission was determined by X‐ray analyses with the Alpha Particle X‐Ray …