Cell-free systems offer a promising approach to engineer biology since their open nature
allows for well-controlled and characterized reaction conditions. In this review, we discuss …

Building an artificial cell is a research area that is rigorously studied in the field of synthetic
biology. It has brought about much attention with the aim of ultimately constructing a natural …

Addressing the emergence of life from a systems biology perspective, this new edition has
undergone extensive revision, reflecting changes in scientific understanding and evolution …

Cell-free gene expression (CFE) systems empower synthetic biologists to build biological
molecules and processes outside of living intact cells. The foundational principle is that …

Lifeforms are regulated by many physicochemical factors, and these factors could be
controlled to play a role in the construction of artificial living systems. Among these factors …

Photosynthesis is responsible for the photochemical conversion of light into the chemical
energy that fuels the planet Earth. The photochemical core of this process in all …

Giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs) have gained great popularity as mimicries for cellular
membranes. As their sizes are comfortably above the optical resolution limit, and their lipid …

Cell-free protein synthesis (CFPS) has become an established biotechnology tool for rapid
protein expression. Over the past few decades many advances have elevated CFPS from a …

The bottom-up assembly of multicompartment artificial cells that are able to direct
biochemical reactions along a specific spatial pathway remains a considerable engineering …

The notion of minimal cells refers to cellular structures that contain the minimal and sufficient
complexity to still be defined as living, or at least capable to display the most important …