Owing to the rapid aging of society, the numbers of patients with joint disease continue to
increase. Accordingly, a large number of patients require appropriate treatment for …

The transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) family of signaling molecules, which includes TGF-
βs, activins, inhibins, and numerous bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) and growth and …

Klippel‐Feil syndrome (KFS) is a congenital disorder of spinal segmentation distinguished
by the bony fusion of anterior/cervical vertebrae. Scoliosis, mirror movements …

Abstract Brachydactyly (" short digits") is a general term that refers to disproportionately short
fingers and toes, and forms part of the group of limb malformations characterized by bone …

Growth and differentiation factor 5 (GDF-5), a member of the TGF-β superfamily, is involved
in many developmental processes, like chondrogenesis and joint formation. Mutations in …

All transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) ligands are synthesised as precursor molecules
consisting of a signal peptide, an N-terminal prodomain and a C-terminal mature domain …

Acrocapitofemoral dysplasia is a recently delineated autosomal recessive skeletal
dysplasia, characterized clinically by short stature with short limbs and radiographically by …

Congruent, low-friction relative movement between the articulating elements of a synovial
joint is an essential pre-requisite for sustained, efficient, function. Where disorders of joint …

Secreted cytokines of the TGFβ family are found in all multicellular organisms and implicated
in regulating fundamental cell behaviors such as proliferation, differentiation, migration and …

Introduction Congenital dysplasia of the hip is an abnormal seating of the femoral head in
the acetabulum, mainly caused by shallow acetabulum and lax joint capsule. Genetic factors …