Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease characterized by chronic systemic
inflammation causing progressive joint damage that can lead to lifelong disability. The …

Osteoclasts and osteoblasts dictate skeletal mass, structure, and strength via their respective
roles in resorbing and forming bone. Bone remodeling is a spatially coordinated lifelong …

The safety and bone antiresorptive effect of a single subcutaneous dose of AMG 162, a
human monoclonal antibody to RANKL, was investigated in 49 postmenopausal women …

The aim of this paper is to provide a review on the role of inflammation in orthodontically
induced inflammatory root resorption (OIIRR) and accelerating orthodontic tooth movement …

Objective RANKL is essential for osteoclast development, activation, and survival.
Denosumab is a fully human monoclonal IgG2 antibody that binds RANKL, inhibiting its …

Rheumatoid arthritis is characterized by synovial inflammation and irreversible bone
erosions, both highlighting the immense reciprocal relationship between the immune and …

Bone is a dynamic organ constantly remodeled to support calcium homeostasis and
structural needs. The osteoclast is the cell responsible for removing both the organic and …

Rheumatoid arthritis, juvenile idiopathic arthritis, the seronegative spondyloarthropathies
including psoriatic arthritis, and systemic lupus erythematosus are all examples of rheumatic …

Cytokines and chemokines represent two important groups of proteins that control the
human immune system. Dysregulation of the network in which these immunomodulators …

Proinflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-1 (IL-1) and tumour necrosis factor alpha
(TNFα), have been implicated in the dysregulation of bone and cartilage remodelling …