Radiocarbon dating uses the decay of a radioactive isotope of carbon (14C) to measure time
and date objects containing carbon-bearing material. With a half-life of 5,700±30 years …

We trace the evolution of research on extreme solar and solar-terrestrial events from the
1859 Carrington event to the rapid development of the last twenty years. Our focus is on the …

Transatlantic exploration took place centuries before the crossing of Columbus. Physical
evidence for early European presence in the Americas can be found in Newfoundland …

The injection of sulfur into the stratosphere by volcanic eruptions is the dominant driver of
natural climate variability on interannual-to-multidecadal timescales. Based on a set of …

The Sun is magnetically active and often produces eruptive events on different energetic
and temporal scales. Until recently, the upper limit of such events was unknown and …

Though tree-ring chronologies are annually resolved, their dating has never been
independently validated at the global scale. Moreover, it is unknown if atmospheric …

Worst-case or high-end subduction-related earthquakes and tsunamis of 2004 and 2011 are
painfully fresh in our memories. High-end subduction-related volcanic eruptions have not …

The geodynamic significance of continental volcanoes located far from the plate boundaries
remains highly controversial as exemplified by contrasting models that favor either a deep …

Extratropical volcanic eruptions are commonly thought to be less effective at driving large-
scale surface cooling than tropical eruptions. However, recent minor extratropical eruptions …

From its inception as a scientific discipline, tree-ring research has been used as a trans-
disciplinary tool for dating and environmental reconstruction. Tree-ring chronologies in some …