Toxin–antitoxin systems (TAs) are ubiquitous among bacteria and play a crucial role in the
dissemination and evolution of antibiotic resistance, such as maintaining multi-resistant …

In their initial stages of discovery, prokaryotic toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems were confined to
bacterial plasmids where they function to mediate the maintenance and stability of usually …

The model organism Escherichia coli codes for at least 11 type II toxin–antitoxin (TA)
modules, all implicated in bacterial persistence (multidrug tolerance). Ten of these encode …

Phenotypic heterogeneity describes the occurrence of “nonconformist” cells within an
isogenic population. The nonconformists show an expression profile partially different from …

Toxin–antitoxin (TA) systems are entities found in the prokaryotic genomes, with eight
reported types. Type II, the best characterized, is comprised of two genes organized as an …

Bacterial persister cells—a metabolically dormant subpopulation tolerant to antimicrobials—
contribute to chronic infections and are thought to evade host immunity. In this work, we …

Type II Toxin–antitoxin (TA) modules are bacterial operons that encode a toxic protein and
its antidote, which form a self-regulating genetic system. Antitoxins put a halter on toxins in …

In this paper, the biosorption of strontium and cesium ions onto a marine brown alga
Undaria pinnatifida (also known as wakame), was studied using isothermal titration …

Toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems are ubiquitous genetic modules in bacteria and archaea. Here,
we perform structural and biochemical characterization of the Legionella pneumophila …

Bacterial toxin-antitoxin (TA) modules are tightly regulated to maintain growth in favorable
conditions or growth arrest during stress. A typical regulatory strategy involves the antitoxin …