Evolutionary game theory is a successful mathematical framework geared towards
understanding the selective pressures that affect the evolution of the strategies of agents …

Reciprocity is a major factor in human social life and accounts for a large part of cooperation
in our communities. Direct reciprocity arises when repeated interactions occur between the …

Direct and indirect reciprocity are key mechanisms for the evolution of cooperation. Direct
reciprocity means that individuals use their own experience to decide whether to cooperate …

Social dilemmas occur when incentives for individuals are misaligned with group
interests,,,,,–. According to the 'tragedy of the commons', these misalignments can lead to …

Direct reciprocity is a powerful mechanism for the evolution of cooperation on the basis of
repeated interactions,,–. It requires that interacting individuals are sufficiently equal, such …

A tragedy of the commons occurs when individuals take actions to maximize their payoffs
even as their combined payoff is less than the global maximum had the players coordinated …

Indirect reciprocity is the most elaborate and cognitively demanding 1 of all known
cooperation mechanisms 2, and is the most specifically human 1, 3 because it involves …

Nurturing Our Humanity offers a new perspective on our personal and social options in
today's world, showing how we can build societies that support our great human capacities …

Indirect reciprocity is a mechanism for cooperation based on shared moral systems and
individual reputations. It assumes that members of a community routinely observe and …

The concept of fitness is central to evolution, but it quantifies only the expected number of
offspring an individual will produce. The actual number of offspring is also subject to …